World energy consumption
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World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth [4] Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism. Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends. On the one-hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed the same trend. On the other hand,
In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years (-1.1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009).[5]This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in
In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (474×1018 J=132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average energy consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1.504×1013 W)[1] The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).[6] Solar, wind and tidal energy only produce power sporadically and are only viable in certain areas. This would necessitate long distance transmission and immense power storage facilities if constant power supply was required.
More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability.[7] According to IEA world statistics in four years (2004–2008) the world population increased 5%, annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%.[8]
Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm), hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt) and electricity 1% (269/20,181 TWh).[9]
Most of the world's energy resources are from the sun's rays hitting earth. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solar constant is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just visible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1366 watts per square meter, though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during a year—from1412 W m−2 in early January to 1321 W m−2 in early July, due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun, and by a few parts per thousand[clarification needed] from day to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of 127,400,000 km2, the total energy rate is 174 petawatts (1.740×1017 W), plus or minus 3.5%. This value is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89 PW, reaches the Earth's surface.[citation needed]
The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the available nuclear fuel such as uraniumexceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total energy flux from the sun is 3.8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non-renewable resources.
| Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990-2008 (%)[10][11] | |||||||||
| | kWh/capita | Population (million) | Energy use (1,000 TWh) | ||||||
| | 1990 | 2008 | Growth | 1990 | 2008 | Growth | 1990 | 2008 | Growth |
| 89,021 | 87,216 | - 2 % | 250 | 305 | 22 % | 22.3 | 26.6 | 20 % | |
| 40,240 | 40,821 | 1 % | 473 | 499 | 5 % | 19.0 | 20.4 | 7 % | |
| 19,422 | 34,774 | 79 % | 132 | 199 | 51 % | 2.6 | 6.9 | 170 % | |
| 8,839 | 18,608 | 111 % | 1,141 | 1,333 | 17 % | 10.1 | 24.8 | 146 % | |
| 11,281 | 14,421 | 28 % | 355 | 462 | 30 % | 4.0 | 6.7 | 66 % | |
| 7,094 | 7,792 | 10 % | 634 | 984 | 55 % | 4.5 | 7.7 | 70 % | |
| 4,419 | 6,280 | 42 % | 850 | 1,140 | 34 % | 3.8 | 7.2 | 91 % | |
| Others* | 25,217 | 23,871 | nd | 1,430 | 1,766 | 23 % | 36.1 | 42.2 | 17 % |
| 19,422 | 21,283 | 10 % | 5,265 | 6,688 | 27 % | 102.3 | 142.3 | 39 % | |
| Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank § Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh § Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and | |||||||||
From 1990 to 2008 the average use of energy per person as IEA data increased 10 % and the world population increased 27 %. Regional energy use grew from 1990 to 2008: Middle East 170 %,
[edit]Emissions
The global warming emissions resulting from energy production are a serious global environmental problem. Therefore many nations have signed the UN agreement to prevent a dangerous impact on the world's climate. What is a dangerous concentration remains a subject of debate. Limiting global temperature rise at 2 degrees Celsius, considered as a high risk level by Stockholm Environmental Institute, demands 75% decline in carbon emissions in the industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 mrd in 2050.[12] 75% in 40 years is about 2% decrease every year. As 2011, the warming emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. There is a 25–30 years lag in the complete warming effect of emissions. Thus human activities have created already a 1.5 °C temperature rise (2006).[13] According to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute) for security civilization has to stop increase of emissions within a decade regardless of economy and population state (2009).[14]
[edit]Primary energy
| World energy and power supply (TWh)[15] | ||
| | Energy | Power |
| 1990 | 102 569 | 11 821 |
| 2000 | 117 687 | 15 395 |
| 2005 | 133 602 | 18 258 |
| 2008 | 143 851 | 20 181 |
| Source: IEA/OECD | ||
| Energy by power source 2008[16] | ||
| | TWh | % |
| Oil | 48 204 | 33.5% |
| Coal | 38 497 | 26.8% |
| Gas | 30 134 | 20.9% |
| Nuclear | 8 283 | 5.8% |
| Hydro | 3 208 | 2.2% |
| Other RE* | 15 284 | 10.6% |
| Others | 241 | 0.2% |
| Total | 143 851 | 100% |
| Source: IEA *`=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels | ||
The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. According to IEA total world energy supply was 102,569 TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008). World power generation was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008). Compared to power supply 20,181 TWh the power end use was only 16,819 TWh in 2008 including EU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 energy use per person was in the
In 2008 energy supply by power source was oil 33.5%, coal 26.8%, gas 20.8% (fossil 81%), renewable (hydro, solar, wind, geothermal power and biofuels) 12.9%, nuclear 5.8% and other 4%. Oil was the most popular energy fuel. Oil and coal combined represented over 60% of the world energy supply in 2008.
Since the annual energy supply increase has been high, e.g. 2007–2008 4,461 TWh, compared to the total nuclear power end use 2,731 TWh[16][17] environmental activists, like Greenpeace, support increase of energy efficiency and renewable energy capacity. These are also more and more addressed in the international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, like the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive and corresponding national plans. The global renewable energy supply increased from 2000 to 2008 in total 3,155 TWh, also more than the nuclear power use 2,731 TWh in 2008.[18] The energy resources below show the extensive reserves of renewable energy.
| | kWh/capita | Population (milj) | ||
| | 1990 | 2008 | 1990 | 2008 |
| | 89 021 | 87 216 | | 305 |
| EU-27 | 40 240 | 40 821 | | |
| | 19 422 | 34 774 | | 199 |
| | 8 839 | 18 608 | | 1 333 |
| | 11 281 | 14 421 | | 462 |
| | 7 094 | 7 792 | | 984 |
| | 4 419 | 6 280 | | 1 140 |
| The World | 19 421 | 21 283 | | 6 688 |
| Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank | ||||
| | ||||
| | ||||
| Fuel type | |||
| 1980 | 2004 | 2006 | |
| 4.38 | 5.58 | 5.74 | |
| 1.80 | 3.45 | 3.61 | |
| 2.34 | 3.87 | 4.27 | |
| 0.60 | 0.93 | 1.00 | |
| 0.25 | 0.91 | 0.93 | |
| 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.16 | |
| Total | 9.48 | 15.0 | 15.8 |
| Source: The | |||
[edit]Fossil fuels
Main article: Fossil fuel
| Regional coal supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[20] | ||||||
| | 2000 | 2008 | 2009* | %* | | |
| | 6,654 | 6,740 | 6,375 | 16% | | |
| Asia excl. | 5,013 | 7,485 | 7,370 | 19% | | |
| | 7,318 | 16,437 | 18,449 | 47% | | |
| EU | 3,700 | 3,499 | 3,135 | 8% | | |
| | 1,049 | 1,213 | 1,288 | 3% | | |
| | 1,387 | 1,359 | 994 | 3% | | |
| Others | 1,485 | 1,763 | 1,727 | 4% | | |
| Total | 26,607 | 38,497 | 39,340 | 100% | | |
| Source: IEA, *in 2009 BP | | | ||||
The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.[1] According to the
Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.[21] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the
[edit]Coal
In 2000 coal was used in
[edit]Oil
| Regional oil supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[25] | ||||||
| | 2000 | 2008 | 2009* | %* | | |
| | 12,350 | 12,590 | 12,305 | 26% | | |
| Asia excl. | 8,510 | 9,217 | 9,620 | 21% | | |
| | 2,490 | 4,130 | 4,855 | 10% | | |
| EU | 7,980 | 8,055 | 8,050 | 17% | | |
| | 1,482 | 1,624 | 1,730 | 4% | | |
| | 2,138 | 2,828 | 1,499 | 3% | | |
| Others | 8,562 | 9,761 | 8,526 | 18% | | |
| Total | 43,506 | 48,204 | 46,585 | 100% | | |
| Source: IEA, *in 2009 BP | | | ||||
The use of oil doubled in
[edit]Gas
| Regional gas supply (TWh)[26] | ||||
| | 2000 | 2008 | 2009* | % |
| | 7,621 | 7,779 | 8,839 | 28% |
| Asia excl. | 2,744 | 4,074 | 4,348 | 14% |
| | 270 | 825 | 1,015 | 3% |
| EU | 4,574 | 5,107 | 4,967 | 16% |
| | 612 | 974 | 1,455 | 5% |
| | 3,709 | 4,259 | 4,209 | 13% |
| | 1,008 | 1,357 | 958 | 3% |
| Others | 3,774 | 5,745 | 6,047 | 19% |
| Total | 24,312 | 30,134 | 31,837 | 100% |
| Source: IEA, *in 2009 BP | ||||
In 2009 the world use of gas was 131% compared to year 2000. 66% of the this growth was outside EU, North America Latin America and
[edit]Nuclear power
As of December 2009, the world had 436 reactors.[27] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.[27][28]
Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of the world's electricity demand.[29]
[edit]Renewable energy
Main article: Renewable energy
Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind,rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). As of 2010, about 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used forheating, and 3.4% fromhydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.8% and are growing very rapidly.[30] The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.[31]
[edit]Hydropower
Main article: hydropower
Worldwide hydroelectricityinstalled capacity reached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of large plants, and 66 GW of small hydroinstallations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10.9 GW was added by China, Brazil, andIndia during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the world's small hydro plants are now located.
[edit]Wind power
Wind power: worldwide installed capacity (not actual power generation)[33]
Main article: Wind power
Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 198 gigawatts (GW) in 2010,[34][35] and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.[36]Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland.[37] The United States is an important growth area and installed
[edit]Solar power
Main article: Solar energy
The available solar energy resources are 3.8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Less than 0.02% of available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nuclear power as an energy source. Assuming that our rate of usage in 2005 remains constant, estimated reserves are accurate, and no new unplanned reserves are found, we will run out of conventional oil in 2045, and coal in 2159. In practice, neither will actually run out as natural constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle.[39][40][41] The rate at which demand increases and reserves dwindle has been increasing dramatically because the rate of consumption is not constant. For example, if demand for oil doubled, reserves would not last as long. In addition, the cost of fossil fuels continues to rise while solar power becomes more economically viable.
In 2007 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing energy source, with installations of all photovoltaics increasing by 83% in 2009 to bring the total installed capacity to 15 GW. Nearly half of the increase was in Germany, which is now the world's largest consumer of photovoltaic electricity (followed by Japan). Solar cell production increased by 50% in 2007, to 3,800 megawatts, and has been doubling every two years.[42]
The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded.[43]
[edit]Geothermal
Ohaaki geothermal power station
Main article: Geothermal power
Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[44] In the year 2004, 200 PJ (57 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 PJ of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating, including extraction bygeothermal heat pumps.[43][45] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 100 GW.[44]
[edit]Biomass and biofuels
Main articles: biomass and biofuel
Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.[43]
World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8.72 billion US gallons), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil.[43] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 billion litres (1.03 billion
[edit]By country
See also: Energy by country and List of countries by energy consumption per capita
Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with 6 kWh per person and United States with 11.4 kWh per person. In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use is closer to 0.7 kWh. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption with 0.2 kWh per person.
A map depicting world energy consumption per capita based on 2003 data from the IEA.
The
One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.
[edit]Oil
| | | 2005 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
| 1 | 470 | 485 | 494 | 502 | |
| 2 | 519 | 509 | 452 | 471 | |
| 3 | 307 | 300 | 320 | 336 | |
| 4 | 205 | 214 | 206 | 227 | |
| 5 | 183 | 190 | 194 | 200 | |
| 6 | 143 | 155 | 152 | 159 | |
| 7 | 162 | 137 | 126 | 149 | |
| 8 | 188 | 159 | 146 | 144 | |
| 9 | nd | 136 | 120 | 129 | |
| 10 | 133 | nd | nd | 130 | |
| x | nd | 145 | 124 | nd | |
| x | 139 | nd | nd | nd | |
| | Total | 3,923 | 3,941 | 3,843 | 3,973 |
| | Top ten | 62 % | 62 % | 61 % | 62% |
[edit]Coal
| Top 10 hard coal and brown coal producers (Mt) [47][48][49][50] | |||||
| | | 2005 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
| 1 | 2,226 | 2,761 | 2,971 | 3,162 | |
| 2 | 1,028 | 1,076 | 985 | 997 | |
| 3 | 430 | 521 | 561 | 571 | |
| 4 | 372 | 397 | 399 | 420 | |
| 5 | 318 | 284 | 301 | 336 | |
| 6 | 315 | 236 | 247 | 255 | |
| 7 | 222 | 323 | 297 | 324 | |
| 8 | 79 | 108 | 101 | 111 | |
| 9 | 160 | 144 | 135 | 134 | |
| 10 | 65 | 79 | 73 | 74 | |
| | Total | 5,878 | 6,796 | 6,903 | 7,229 |
| | Top ten | 89 % | 87 % | 88 % | 88% |
| | | 2005 | 2008 | 2009 |
| 1 | 178 | 186 | 165 | |
| 2 | 25 | nd | 114 | |
| 3 | 77 | 100 | 103 | |
| 4 | 37 | 58 | 66 | |
| 5 | 61 | 66 | 60 | |
| 6 | 38 | 46 | 38 | |
| 7 | 44 | 43 | 38 | |
| 8 | nd | 19 | 20 | |
| 9 | 24 | 25 | 19 | |
| 10 | 25 | 19 | 16 | |
| x | nd | 21 | nd | |
| x | 28 | nd | nd | |
| | Total | 778 | 778 | 819 |
| x | Top ten | 69 % | 75 % | 78 % |
| | Import of production | 16 % | 13 % | 14 % |
[edit]Natural gas
| Top natural gas producers (billion cubic meters) [48][49][50] | ||||
| | | 2005 | 2008 | 2009 |
| 1 | 517 | 583 | 594 | |
| 2 | 627 | 657 | 589 | |
| 3 | 187 | 175 | 159 | |
| 4 | 84 | 121 | 144 | |
| 5 | 90 | 103 | 106 | |
| 6 | nd | 76 | 90 | |
| 7 | nd | 79 | 89 | |
| 8 | 93 | 82 | 81 | |
| 9 | 79 | 85 | 79 | |
| 10 | 77 | 77 | 76 | |
| x | 93 | nd | nd | |
| x | 70 | nd | nd | |
| | Total | 2,872 | 3,149 | 3,101 |
| | Top ten | 67 % | 65 % | 65 % |
| Top natural gas importers (billion cubic meters) [48][49][50] | ||||
| | | 2005 | 2008 | 2009 |
| 1 | 81 | 95 | 93 | |
| 2 | 91 | 79 | 83 | |
| 3 | 121 | 84 | 76 | |
| 4 | 73 | 77 | 69 | |
| 5 | 47 | 44 | 45 | |
| 6 | 62 | 53 | 38 | |
| 7 | 27 | 36 | 35 | |
| 8 | 33 | 39 | 34 | |
| 9 | 29 | 36 | 33 | |
| 10 | nd | 26 | 29 | |
| x | 23 | nd | nd | |
| | Total | 838 | 783 | 749 |
| x | Top ten | 70 % | 73 % | 71 % |
| | Import of production | 29 % | 25 % | 24 % |
[edit]By sector
| World energy use per sector[51] | ||||
| | 2000 | 2008 | 2000 | 2008 |
| | TWh | %* | ||
| Industry | 21,733 | 27,273 | 26.5 | 27.8 |
| Transport | 22,563 | 26,742 | 27.5 | 27.3 |
| Residential and service | 30,555 | 35,319 | 37.3 | 36.0 |
| Non-energy use | 7,119 | 8,688 | 8.7 | 8.9 |
| Total* | 81,970 | 98,022 | 100 | 100 |
| Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectors | ||||
Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total.[52]
The other 27% of the world's energy is lost in energy transmission and generation. In 2005, global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%.[53] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.[54]
Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000.[51]
[edit]European Union
The European Environmental Agency (EEA) measures final energy consumption (does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.5% of final energy consumption, industry 27.6%, households 25.9%, services 11.4% and agriculture 3.7%.[55] The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions (79%), with the energy sector representing 31%, transport 19%, industry 13%, households 9% and others 7%.[56]
While efficient energy and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues, more than 70% of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32-40%.[57] Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40–45% at newer plants.[57] However, according to an impact assessment by the European Commission, this is still below the best available technological (BAT) efficiency levels of 46–49%.[57] With gas-fired power plants the average efficiency is 52% compared to 58-59% with best available technology (BAT), and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36% efficiency (BAT delivers 47%).[57] According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission, raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants, through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions, to an average generation efficiency of 51.5% in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 billion m3 of natural gas and 25 Mt of coal.[57]
[edit]Alternative energy paths
Denmark and Germany have started to make investments in solar energy, despite their unfavorable geographic locations.
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